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November 13. 2020 12:35:52
Strona główna > Badania naukowe(Scientific Research)

Badania naukowe(Scientific Research)

Publications (since 1993):



to appear:


- K. Szpojankowski, J. Wesołowski, Conditional expectations through Boolean cumulants and subordination -- towards a better understanding of the Lukacs property in free probability.
ALEA - Latin American Journal of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 

- S. Hossain, Z. Hoque, J. Wesołowski, Response-based multiple imputation method for minimizing the impact of covariate detection limit in
logistic regression.
Communication in Statistics - Theory and Methods


2020

- G. Letac, J. Wesołowski, Multivariate reciprocal inverse Gaussian distributions from the Sabot-Tarres-Zeng integral.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 175 (2020), 1-18.


2019

- J. Wesołowski, Multi-domain Neyman-Tchuprov allocation.
Statistics in Transition 20 (4) (2019), 1-12.

- M.G.M. Khan, J. Wesołowski, Neyman-type sample allocation for domains-efficient estimation in multistage sampling.
Advances in Statistical Analysis 103 (2019), 563-592.

- F. Lopez-Blazquez, N.-C. Su, J. Wesołowski, Order statistics from overlapping samples: bivariate densities and regression properties.
Statistics 53(5) (2019), 1052-1081.


2018

- Z. Hoque, J. Wesołowski, S. Hossain, Shrinkage estimator of regression model under asymmetric loss.
Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 47(22) (2018), 5547-5557.

- A. Piliszek, J. Wesołowski, Change of measure technique in characterizations of the Kummer and gamma laws.
Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 458 (2018), 967-979.


2017

- R. Karczewski, J. Wesołowski, Linearity of regression for weak records, revisited
Statistics 51(4) (2017), 878-887.

- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Asymmetric simple exclusion process and quadratic harnesses
Journal of Statistical Physics 167(2) (2017), 383-415.

- J. Wesołowski, R. Wieczorkowski, An eigenproblem approach to optimal equal-precision sample allocation in subpopulations.
Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46(5) (2017), 2212-2231.


2016

- J. Tarczyński, J. Wesołowski, Matematyczne podstawy technik imputacyjnych
Wiadomości Statystyczne 61(9) (2016), 7-54.

- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Double asymptotics for the chi-square statistic
Statistics and Probability Letters 119 (2016), 317-325.

- M. Pietrzak, G.A. Rempała, M. Seweryn,  J. Wesołowski,  Limit theorems for Renyi entropy and divergence with applications to molecular diversity analysis.
TEST 25(4) (2016), 654-673.

- A. Piliszek, J. Wesołowski, Kummer and Gamma laws through independences on trees - another parallel with the Matsumoto-Yor property.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 152 (2016), 15-27.

- H. Massam, J. Wesołowski, A new prior for discrete DAG models with a restricted set of directions.
Annals of Statistics 44(3) (2016), 1010-1037 (with Supplement).


2015

-
W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Infinitesimal generators for a class of polynomial processes.
Studia Mathematica 229(1) (2015), 73-93.

- J. Wesołowski, On the Matsumoto-Yor type regression characterization of the gamma and Kummer distributions.
Statistics and Probability Letters 107 (2015), 145-149.

- J. Kowalski, J. Wesołowski, Exploring recursion for optimal estimators under cascade rotation.
Survey Methodology 41(1) (2015), 99-126.

- A. Dołęgowski, J. Wesołowski, Linearity of regression for overlapping order statistics,
Metrika 78 (2015), 205-218.


2014

- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Infinitesimal generators of q-Meixner processes.
Stochastic Processes and their Applications 124 (2014), 915-926.

- A. Sakowicz, J. Wesołowski, A characterization of the Dirichlet distribution through neutrality with respect to two partitions.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 129 (2014), 1-15.

- K. Szpojankowski, J. Wesołowski, Dual Luakcs regressions for non-commutative random variables.
Journal of Functional Analysis 266 (2014), 36-54.


2013

- K. Bobecka, P. Hitczenko, F. Lopez-Blazquez, G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Asymptotic normality through factorial cumulants and partition identities.
Combinatorics, Probability and Computations 22(2) (2013), 213-240.

- R. Ger, J. Misiewicz, J. Wesołowski, The Lukacs-Olkin-Rubin theorem and the Olkin-Baker equation.
Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 399 (2013), 599-607.


2012

- M. Ahsanullah, G.G. Hamedani, J. Wesołowski, Linearity of regressions inside top-k-lists and related characterizations.
Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica   49(4) (2012), 436-445.


- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Stitching pairs of Levy processes into harnesses.
Stochastic Processes and their Applications 122 (2012), 2854–2869.


- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Bridges of quadratic harnesses.
Electronic Journal of Probability 17/105 (2012), 1-25.


- P. Ciepiela, M. Gniado, J. Wesołowski, M. Wojtyś, Dynamic K-estimator for an arbitrary rotation scheme.
Statistics in Transition  13(1) (2012), 7-20 .


- J. Misiewicz, J. Wesołowski, Winding planar probabilities.
Metrika
75(4) (2012), 507-519.


- W. Niemiro, J. Wesołowski, Linear estimation and prediction under a model-design approach with small area effects.
Statistics
, 46(4) (2012), 523-547.



2011

- W. Bryc, W. Matysiak, J. Wesołowski, Free quadratic harness.
Stochastic Processes and Their Applications
121 (2011), 657-671.


- P. Hitczenko, J. Wesołowski, Renorming divergent perpetuities.
Bernoulli
  17(3) (2011), 880-894 .


- G. Letac, J. Wesołowski, Why Jordan algebras are natural in statistics: regression of quadratic forms and Wishart distribution.
Bulletin de la Societe Mathematique de France 139(1) (2011), 129-144.



2010

- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Askey-Wilson polynomials, quadratic harnesses and martingales. 
Annals of Probability 38(3) (2010), 1221-1262.


- W. Niemiro, J. Wesołowski, Synthetic and composite estimation under a superpopulation model. 
Statistical Papers
51(3) (2010), 497-509.


- W. Niemiro, J. Wesołowski, Statystyka małych obszarów - symulacyjne badanie próbnika Gibbsa w hierarchicznym modelu bayesowskim.
Biblioteka "Wiadomości Statystycznych" tom 62, GUS, Warszawa 2010.

- J. Wesołowski, Recursive optimal estimation in the Szarkowski rotation scheme.
Statistics in Transtion
11(2) (2010), 267-285.



2009

 - K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Moments approach to characterizations of Dirichlet tables through neutralities. 
Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen
74/(3-4) (2009), 321-339.


- J.-F. Chamayou, J. Wesołowski, Lauricella and Humbert functions through probabilistic tools.
Integral Transforms and Special Functions
20(7) (2009), 529-538.
 

- P. Hitczenko, J. Wesołowski,  Perpetuities with thin tails, revisited. 
Annals of Applied Probability
19(6) (2009), 2080-2101.


- Z. Hoque, S. Khan, J. Wesołowski, Performance of preliminary test estimator under Linex loss function.
Communications in Statististics - Theory and Methods
38(2) (2009), 252-261.


- H. Matsumoto, J. Wesołowski, P. Witkowski, Tree structured independences for exponential Brownian functionals. 
Stochastic Processes and Their Applications
119 (2009), 3798-3815.



2008

- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, The Kshirsagar-Tan independence property of beta matrices and related characterizations. 
Bernoulli 14(3) (2008), 749-763.


- W. Bryc, W. Matysiak, J. Wesołowski, The Bi-Poisson process: a quadratic harness. 
Annals of Probability
36 (2008), 623-646.


- G. Letac, J. Wesołowski, Laplace transforms which are negative powers of quadratic polynomials. 
Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
360 (2008), 6475-6496.


- G. Rempała, J. WesołowskiSymmetric Functionals of Random Matrices and Random Matching Problems,
Springer, New York 2008.

- V. Seshadri, J. Wesołowski, More on connections between Wishart and matrix GIG distributions.
Metrika 68 (2008), 219-232.



2007

- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Multivariate Matsumoto-Yor property is rather restrictive.
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference
137 (2007), 1424-1432.


- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, The Dirichlet distribution and process through neutralities.
Journal of Theoretical Probability
20(2) (2007), 295-308.


- W. Bryc, W. Matysiak, J. Wesołowski, Quadratic harnesses, q-commutations and orthogonal martingale polynomials. 
Transactions of the American
Mathematical Society 359 (2007), 5449-5483.


- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Bi-Poisson processes. 
Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probabability and Related Topics 10 (2007), 277-291.


- A. Dembińska, A. Stepanov, J. Wesołowski, How many observations fall in a neighbourhood of an order statistic?
Communications in Statistics Theory and Methods
36(5) (2007), 851-867.


- G.G. Hamedani, H. Volkmer, J. Wesołowski, Characterization problems related to the Shepp property. 
Communications in Statistics Theory and Methods
  36(6) (2007), 1049-1057.


- Z. Hoque, S. Khan, J. Wesołowski, On the admissibility of the preliminary test maximum likelihood estimator of normal mean under asymmetric loss.
American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences
27(1/2) (2007), 93-110.


- M. Konwerska, F. Lòpez-Blàzquez, J. Wesołowski, Identification of product measures by random choice of marginals.
Communications in Statististics, Theory and Methods
36(7) (2007), 1465 – 1478.


- F. Lòpez-Blàzquez, J. Wesołowski, Top-k-lists. 
Metrika
65 (2007), 69-82.


- J. Wesołowski, Multiplicative Cauchy functional equation  and the equation of ratios on the Lorentz cone. 
Studia Mathematica
179(3) (2007), 263-275.


- J. Wesołowski, P. Witkowski,  Hitting times of Brownian motion and the Matsumoto-Yor property on trees. 
Stochastic Processes and their
Applications 117 (2007), 1303-1315.



2006

- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, The classical bi-Poisson process: an invertible quadratic harness. 
Statistics and Probability Letters
76 (2006), 1664-1674.


- H. Massam, J. Wesołowski, The Matsumoto-Yor property and the structure of the Wishart distribution. 
Journal of Multivariate Analysis
  97 (2006), 103-123.



2005

- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Bivariate Matsumoto-Yor property and related characterizations.
W:  Advances on Models, Characterizations and Applications (N. Balakrishnan, I.G. Bairamov, O.L. Gebizlioglu, eds.), Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2005), 177-187.


- W. Bryc, J. Wesołowski, Conditional moments of q-Meixner processes. 
Probability Theory and Related Fields 131 (2005), 415-441.


- S.N.U.A. Kirmani, J. Wesołowski, Regressions for sums of squares of spacings. 
Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics
57 (2005), 39-47.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Approximation theorems for random permanents and associated stochastic processes.
Probability Theory and Related Fields 131 (2005), 442 - 458.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski,  Asymptotics for products of independent sums with an application to Wishart determinants. 
Statistics and Probability Letters 74 (2005), 129-138.



2004

- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Bivariate Lukacs type regression characterizations.
Journal of Applied Statistical Science 13 (2004), 49-57.


- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Multivariate Lukacs theorem.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 91 (2004), 143-160.


- F. Lopez-Blazquez, J. Wesołowski, Linearity of regression for the past weak and ordinary records.
Statistics 38(6) (2004), 457-464.


- H. Massam, J. Wesołowski, The Matsumoto-Yor property on trees.
Bernoulli 10 (2004), 685-700.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Limit theorems for random permanents with exchangeable structure.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 91 (2004), 224-239.


- V. Seshari, J. Wesołowski, Martingales de ned by reciprocals of sums and related characterizations.
Communications in Statistics, Theory and Methods 33 (2004), 2993-3007.


- J. Wesołowski, Problemy estymacji dla małych obszarów.
Wiadomości Statystyczne 43(3) (2004), 9-14.


J. Wesołowski, M. Ahsanullah, Switching order statistics through random power contractions.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics 46 (2004), 297-303.



2003

- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Multiplicative Cauchy functional equation in the cone of positive definite symmetric matrices.
Annales Polonici Mathematici 82.1 (2003), 1-7.


- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Multivariate dual regression schemes for the Lukacs theorem
Journal of Statistical Research 37(1) (2003), 57-81.


- A. Dembińska, J. Wesołowski, Constancy of regression for size-two record spacings.
Pakistan Journal of Statistics 19(1) (2003), 143-149.


- S.N.U.A. Kirmani, J. Wesołowski, Time spent below a random threshold for a Poisson driven sequence of observations.
Journal of Applied Probability 40 (2003), 807-814.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Incomplete U-statistics of permanent design.
Journal of Nonparametric Statistics 15(2) (2003), 221-236.


- V. Seshadri, J. Wesołowski, Constancy of regressions for beta distributions.
Sankhya, Ser. A 65 (2003), 284-291.


- J. Wesołowski, On a functional equation related to independence property for beta distributions.
Aequationes Mathematicae 66 (2003), 156-163.



2002

- M. Białkowski, J. Wesołowski, Asymptotic behaviour of some random splitting schemes.
Probability and Mathematical Statistics 22 (2002), 181-191.


- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, The Lukacs-Olkin-Rubin theorem without invariance of the "quotient".
Studia Mathematica 152 (2002), 147-160.


- K. Bobecka, J. Wesołowski, Three dual regression schemes for the Lukacs theorem.
Metrika 56 (2002), 43-54.


- W. Niemiro, W. Popinski, J. Wesołowski, R. Wieczorkowski, Optymalna alokacja stałoprecyzyjna przy niepełnej realizacji badania.
Wiadomości Statystyczne 47(9) (2002), 1-9.


- J. Pusz, J. Wesołowski, The bivariate Pareto conditionals distribution revisited.
Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 51 (2002), 109-119.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Central limit theorems for random permanents with correlation structure.
Journal of Theoretical Probability 15(1) (2002), 63-76.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Asymptotics for products of sums and U-statistics.
Electronic Communications in Probability 7 (2002), 47-54.


- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Strong laws of large numbers for random permanents.
Probability and Mathematical Statistics 22 (2002), 201-209.


- J. Wesołowski, On a functional equation related to the Matsumoto-Yor property.
Aequationes Mathematicae 63 (2002), 245-250.


- J. Wesołowski, The Matsumoto-Yor independence property for GIG and Gamma laws, revisited.
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 133 (2002), 153-161.


- J. Wesołowski, On Lukacs characterization of the gamma distribution - review and new results.
In: Characterizations and Applications, O.I. Gebizlioglu, N. Balakrishnan, I.G. Bairamov, eds.,
Ankara Univ. Printing House, Ankara, 2002, 6-9.



2001

- A.K. Gupta, T.T. Nguyen, Y. Wang, J. Wesołowski, Identifiability of modified power series mixtures via posterior means.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 77 (2001), 163-174.


-
A.K. Gupta, J. Wesołowski Regressional identifiability and identification for beta mixtures.
Statistics and Decisions 19 (2001), 71-82.


- F. Lopez-Blazquez, J. Wesołowski, Discrete distributions for which the regression of the first record on the second is linear.
Test 20 (2001), 377-382.


- W. Niemiro, J. Wesołowski, Fixed precision allocation in two-stage sampling.
Applicationes Mathematicae 28 (2001), 73-82.


- V. Seshadri, J. Wesołowski, Mutual characterizations of the gamma and the generalized inverse Gaussian laws by constancy of regression.
Sankhyã, A 63 (2001), 107-112.


- J. Wesołowski, Sketches on dilation probability distributions.
Demonstratio Mathematicae 34 (2001), 385-402.


- J. Wesołowski,M. Ahsanullah,   Linearity of regression for non-adjacent weak records.
Statistica Sinica 11 (2001), 39-52.


- J. Wesołowski, A.K. Gupta, Linearity of the convex mean residual life.
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 99 (2001), 183-191.



2000

- A. Dembińska, J. Wesołowski, Linearity of regression for non-adjacent record values.
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference
90 (2000), 195-205.

- A. Kagan, J. Wesołowski An extension of the Darmois-Skitovitch theorem to a class of dependent random variables.
Statistics and Probability Letters 47 (2000), 69-73.


- G. Letac, J. Wesołowski, On an independence property for the product of GIG and Gamma laws.
Annals of Probability 28 (2000), 1371-1383.



1999

- A.K. Gupta, J. Wesołowski,
Discrete uniform mixtures via posterior means.
Test 8 (1999), 399-409
.

- E. Marciniak, J. Wesołowski,
Asymptotic Eulerian expansions for binomial and negative binomial reciprocals.
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 127 (1999), 3329-3338.

- G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski, Limiting behaviour of random permanents. 
Statistics and Probability Letters 45 (1999), 149-158.

- J. Wesołowski,
Poisson process via martingale and related characteristics.
Journal of Applied Probability 36 (1999), 919-926.


- J. Wesołowski, On a uniqueness property of alpha-spherical distributions.
Probability and Mathematical Statistics 19 (1999), 123-132.



1998

- M. Ahsanullah, J. Wesołowski,
Linearity of best predictors for non-adjacent record values.
Sankhya, Ser. B   60  (1998), 221-227.

- A. Dembińska,  J. Wesołowski,
Linearity of regression for non-adjacent order statistics.
Metrika 48 (1998), 215-222.


- J. Wesołowski, M. Ahsanullah, Distributional properties of exceedance statistics.
Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics  50(3)  (1998), 543-565.



1997

- B.C. Arnold, J. Wesołowski, Multivariate distributions with Gaussian conditional structure.
In: Stochastic Processes and Functional Analysis (J.A. Goldstein, N. E. Gretsky, J.J. Uhl, Jr., eds), Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics 186, Dekker, New York (1997), 45-59.


- A. Dembińska, J. Wesołowski,  On characterizing exponential distribution by linearity of regression for non-adjacent order statistics.
Demonstratio Mathematica 30 (1997), 945-952.

- A.K. Gupta, J. Wesołowski, Uniform mixtures via posterior means.
Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 49 (1997), 171-180.

- H. Papageorgiou, J. Wesołowski,
Posterior mean identifies the prior distribution in NB and related models.
Statistics and Probability Letters 36 (1997), 127-134
.

- P. Szabłowski, J. Wesołowski, M. Ahsanullah,
Identification of probability measures via distribution of quotients.
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 63 (1997), 377-385
.

- J. Wesołowski,
On some distributional and limit properties of factorizable distributions.
Statistics and Probability Letters 32 (1997), 329-337.


- J. Wesołowski, M. Ahsanullah, On characterizing distributions via linearity of regression for order statistics.
Australian Journal of Statistics 39 (1997), 69-78
.


1996

- M. Ahsanullah, J. Wesołowski,
On characterizing distributions based on linearity of maximum on minimum of three observations.
In: Applied Statistical Science (M. Ahsanullah, D.S. Bhoj, eds), Nova Science Publishers Inc. 1996 Commack, New York, 81-88.


- A. Kagan, J. Wesołowski,
Normality via conditional normality of linear forms.
Statistics and Probability Letters 29 (1996), 229-232
.

- M. Lewandowska-Szumieł, J. Wesołowski,
An example of statistical analysis of results obtained in biological experiment.
In: Statistics and clinical practice (J. Doroszewski, L. Bobrowski, eds), 34th ICB Seminar, MCB Warsaw, 1996, 68-69.


- T.T. Nguyen, G. Rempała, J. Wesołowski,
Non-Gaussian measures with Gaussian structure.
Probability and Mathematical Statistics 16 (1996), 287-298.


- P. Szabłowski, R. Wieczorkowski, J. Wesołowski,
Estymacja w podpopulacjach.
Wiadomości Statystyczne 41(7) (1996), 1-13
.

- P. Szabłowski, R. Wieczorkowski, J. Wesołowski,
Indeks zgodnosci jako miara jakosci danych.
Wiadomosci Statystyczne 41(4) (1996), 43-49.

- J. Wesołowski,
Bivariate distributions via the second kind beta conditional distribution and a regression function.
Journal of Mathematical Sciences 78 (1996), 125-129.


- J. Wesołowski,
Are continuous mappings preserving normality necessarily linear?
Applicationes Mathematicae 24 (1996), 109-112.


- J. Wesołowski,
A new conditional specification of the bivariate Poisson conditionals distribution.
Statistica Neerlandica 50 (1996), 390-393.


- J. Wesołowski,
Stability for the Arnold-Ghosh characterization of the geometric distribution.
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 52 (1996), 263-269.



1995

- A. Plucińska, J. Wesołowski,
Gaussian processes with independence of linear forms.
In: Exploring Stochastic Laws (A.V. Skorokhod, Yu.V. Borovskikh, eds), VSP International  Science Publishers, Zeist (1995), 383-393.


- J. Pusz, J. Wesołowski,
Refinements of the Kagan-Linnik-Rao and Kagan-Rao theorems.
Journal of Applied Statistical Science 2 (1995), 335-343.


- J. Wesołowski,
Bivariate discrete measures via a power series conditional distribution and a regression function.
Journal of Multivariate Analysis 55(2) (1995), 219-229.


- J. Wesołowski, Bivariate distributions via a Pareto conditional distribution and a regression function.
Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 47(1) (1995), 177-183.


- J. Wesołowski, M. Ahsanullah, Conditional specifications of multivariate Pareto and Student distributions.
Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 24(4) (1995), 1023-1031.



1994

- M. Ahsanullah, J. Wesołowski, Multivariate normality via conditional normality.
Statistics and Probability Letters 20 (1994), 235-238.


- B. Lednicki, J. Wesołowski, Lokalizacja próby pomiędzy podpopulacje,
Wiadomości Statystyczne 39(9) (1994), 2-4.


- J. Wesołowski, The Lyapounov central limit theorem for factorizable arrays.
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 122 (1994), 565-574.


- J. Wesołowski, Tha Kagan classification of multivariate distributions and the central limit theorem.
In: Recent Advances in Statistics and Probability (M.L. Puri, J.P. Vilaplana, eds), VSP International Science Publishers, Zeist (1994), 67-70.



1993

- J. Wesołowski, Stochastic processes with linear conditional expectation and quadratic conditional variance.
Probability and Mathematical Statistics 14 (1993), 33-44.


- J. Wesołowski, Some remarks on multivariate Liouville distribution.
Statistics 24 (1993), 167-170.


- J. Wesołowski, Multivariate infinitely divisible distributions with the Gaussian second order conditional structure.
In: Stability Problems for Stochastic Models (V.V. Kalashnikov, V.M. Zolotarev, eds.) Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1546, Springer, Berlin 1993, 180-183.


- J. Wesołowski, Some characterizations by constant regression with respect to residuals.
Statistics and Decision 11 (1993), 121-131.


- J. Wesołowski, Distributional properties of squares of linear statistics.
Journal of Applied Statistical Science 1 (1993), 89-94.


1990

- J. Wesołowski, Aartingale characterization of the Poisson process.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Science 38 (1990), 49-53.